[shared] Refactor logging for configuration extensions

[CodeBlanch]

Follow-up to #5466

Changes

• Removes the static coupling used to bind logging for configuration extensions
• Hooks up logging for invalid configuration keys in aspnetcore instrumentation

Merge requirement checklist

• CONTRIBUTING guidelines followed (license requirements, nullable enabled, static analysis, etc.)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 88.57143% with 4 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 85.46%. Comparing base (6250307) to head (85230e0).
Report is 143 commits behind head on main.

❗ Current head 85230e0 differs from pull request most recent head 1cb027b. Consider uploading reports for the commit 1cb027b to get more accurate results

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #5469      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   83.38%   85.46%   +2.07%     
==========================================
  Files         297      289       -8     
  Lines       12531    12518      -13     
==========================================
+ Hits        10449    10698     +249     
+ Misses       2082     1820     -262     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	?
unittests-Instrumentation-Experimental	24.20% <27.27%> (?)
unittests-Instrumentation-Stable	24.24% <27.27%> (?)
unittests-Solution-Experimental	85.47% <88.57%> (?)
unittests-Solution-Stable	85.13% <88.57%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
...etryProtocol/Implementation/ExperimentalOptions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...tation/OpenTelemetryProtocolExporterEventSource.cs	90.32% <100.00%> (-9.68%)	⬇️
...elemetryProtocol/Implementation/SdkLimitOptions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...orter.OpenTelemetryProtocol/OtlpExporterOptions.cs	97.34% <100.00%> (+0.98%)	⬆️
....Exporter.OpenTelemetryProtocol/OtlpLogExporter.cs	88.46% <ø> (-0.43%)	⬇️
...porter.OpenTelemetryProtocol/OtlpMetricExporter.cs	78.26% <100.00%> (-5.08%)	⬇️
...xporter.OpenTelemetryProtocol/OtlpTraceExporter.cs	88.00% <ø> (-3.18%)	⬇️
...rc/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Zipkin/ZipkinExporter.cs	88.42% <ø> (+2.98%)	⬆️
...Telemetry.Exporter.Zipkin/ZipkinExporterOptions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...spNetCore/AspNetCoreTraceInstrumentationOptions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 8 more

... and 58 files with indirect coverage changes

[rajkumar-rangaraj]

LGTM