fix: fix exception handling in C++ native code

[JakubGonera]

Description

Fix exception handling in C++ native code so that it results in JS promise getting rejected with an appropriate message. There are two fixes here:

1. Runtime type information in the current version of React Native is disabled because one of its dependencies, which results in C++ not being able to recognize that std::runtime_error is inheriting from std::exception so to extract the exception message we need to match the type exactly. A fix has been introduced in RN repo, but not yet present in any release: facebook/react-native@3132cc8.
2. When rejecting a promise the old code was accessing JS runtime in an unsafe way, this is fixed now.

Type of change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Documentation update (improves or adds clarity to existing documentation)

Tested on

• iOS
• Android